Lancia Augusta

Lancia Augusta is an automobile that industry) |Lancia]] between [[1933 was produced from the Nozzle ( and the 1936.

Il contesto

To the end of anni' 20, after the landslide of Wall ßstreet, in house Nozzle, where also nobody means to dedicate itself to the mass production, it takes to body the idea to attempt in the construction of a model of limited dimensions, risen of utilitaria (second canoni of the time) is pure of elite.

Il progetto

In the first months of 1930 the technical office of it begins the studies, second a general formulation that not discosta granché from that one of the models Nozzle of the age, even if marks the return to the carrying structure (that it had been abandoned with Dilambda but also with most recent Artena and Astura). With the Augusta, however, the “innovation” is given from the fact that this time the structure is previewed for the “inner guide” (or sedan that to say it wants) and not, com'era the case of Lambda, for the “torpedoing”.

La history and the caratteristiche

The first escape of this new model happens - like by now custom Nozzle - to Salone of Paris, opened 5 October 1932. In that occasion, for the market francese, the machine - 4 cylinders to V from 1,2 liters - comes called “Belna”, while in Italy some journalist affibbia the nickname of “Vespa”.

When but the car comes introduced to the Hall of Milan of it opens them 1933, for the effective launch, the official name will be that one, pomposo and rather impegnativo, of Augusta. To observe that this delay in the launch on the market seems had to rebelling of problems lawyers with one important factory American of auto bodies, the Budd, that autoportante auto body stops a licence for one much similar one to that one of the Augusta: to the end it will emerge that that licence brings one given posterior to that one in which the plan Augusta had taken the start.

After all, the structure of the car is constituted from a steel platform [[]] (reinforced by means of a cruise to “X)” with box-shielded lateral, to which it comes knit the mounting auto body without.

Naturally the new Nozzle is not distinguished only for the carrying structure, but for many others its innovative or little usual characteristics in the contemporary production europea (the motor with cilindri to V strait, sospensione to ruote independent with molloni helicoidal enclosed in vertical linings and with ammortizzatori to clutch it incorporates to you, the posterior suspensions that do not need of frequent lubrications, the inseribile or disinseribile free wheel from the guide place, trasmissione with tree to flexible joints in place of cardano joint).

In spite of a series of difficulty found in the tests, for the impianto refraining of the Augusta comes adopted the system to hydraulic commando “Lockheed”: it seems that to a sure point “patron” it has been quite to a step to renounce to this innovative system and to withdraw on the antiquated mechanical commando for via of overheating problems, which it is at last succeeded to obviate rendering the surface of tamburi (in aluminum and inserti of steel rougher and dark) and dealing particularly the fluid of the circuit so as to to raise the temperature of boiling.

An other interesting given innovative characteristic é from it originates them system of incernieramento of the porter, in opposite position one to the other, that the abolition of mounting concurs centers them: the system comes devised in order to satisfy the difficulties of determined access to the nside from the longitudinal dimension of the porter, than it has been limited scientemente in order to confer to the car the necessary principle torsionale rigidity.

Even if of secondary importance, the transport system deserves a citation baggages previewed. A press of the age is expressed therefore: it comes adopted an external baggage car, closed from a hinged cover low; attacked to the cover there is the spare wheel; in order to lower/to raise the cover there is the appropriate handle centers them. In order to facilitate to the maximum the opening operation/closing, is a device of “equilibraggio” (this the indicated term!) that it compensates the weight of the cover and the wheel, therefore the entirety does not have the tendency to falling violentemente to the action of the opening, and laughed them from himself when it is proceeded at the close. Beyond to this external baggage car, other baggages can be inside arrange you of the nside, in an able one ripostiglio situated behind the back of the posterior seat (the access are obtained ahead withdrawing in the back)

Much suit - given the standards of the age - turns out the dashboard, that it comprises: contachilometri, speedometer, gauge pressure oil, pointer level fuel, clock, thermometer temperature water, tap benzine (with device of reservoir), commando for insertion/disinserimento free wheel, commando starter, commutator ignition/lighting system, accelerator by hand, indicatori of direction (and relative spy), spy dynamo, lighting system dashboard. The range colors previewed initially is: gray, green, dark blue, amaranth.

Le mysterious three series of the Augusta

According to some, also for the Augusta one has been had subdivision in series. The thing is possible, however it is sure that the acronyms that contraddistinguono the car they do not endure, in the 4 years of production, some variation: the sedan will be always contraddistinta from acronym 231 (chassis) and 88 (motor), the chassis and cabriolet from acronym 234 (the chassis) and still 88 (motor). And' however indubitabile that the car has been subordinate, in the course of the years, to some modifications.

From the beginning of the 1934, after approximately 3.000 exemplary, the car comes modified to the front suspension, with substitution of the shocks-absorber to dry with those hydraulic engineers; modifications are recorded also to calender (hour to badge) and the mudguards (rendered more wrapping), while the wheels to disc are replaced from those to beams. Not the so-called second gear is excluded that series beginnings just with the modified cars therefore.

As far as instead the third series, that it would begin from the 1935, the differences would be indeed minimal and would consist, under the aesthetic profile, from the adoption of an obtained profile of belt directly for stamping.

La competition with the Balilla

In 1933, the Augusta appears on the Italian market, someone thinks endured next to the possible rivalry with nearly contemporary Balilla of Fiat (NATO before a year, in it opens them 1932), but soon us account becomes that the two cars - relatively distant for piston displacement and above all for price - cannot be considered directly concurrent, wanting the Augusta to turn to the upper-middle class, to the medium well-off bourgeoisie. The comparison of the prices of is witness: the Augusta comes put in sale to 19.500 Lire, while the Balilla costs little more of the half (10,800 Liras).

Il chassis, specially built and the cabriolet

After a year from the launch of the sedan, in it you open them 1934, to the Hall of the automobile of Milan, toes make one's debut the chassis (defined like model 234) for the special auto bodies. Chassis “234” many light, (570 Kg hardly comprised the spare wheel) é realized with having spars section to scato it, is a lot lowered and is fortified of pavement and tunnel for the transmission. Regarding the sedan, small are noticed differences in the front suspension, while it comes riposizionato the tank fuel, than are arranged posteriorly and therefore necessity of the pump for the feeding here.

Leaving from the base of chassis “234” it is the same Nozzle to commercialize, from 1935, beautiful cabriolet 4 places “inspired” from the Pininfarina (and from this constructed in its plants of Course Bottoming drills).

Like always, the many Carriage makers - Italian but not only - that they use the pianale Augusta for their creations. Pregevole, between the many, berlinetta the seed-aerodynamics 4 doors of the Touring. Abroad, to signal the French carriage maker Marcel Pourtout who constructs that is (leaving from the pianale of the Belna, the French version of the Augusta) a coupé-cabriolet, equipped of rigid roof that can between disappearing in the trunk, while in Great Britain the cabriolet is marked it of English style typically elaborated from the Kevill-Davies & March, concessionaria Nozzle to London, that it can be fortified, at call, of a compressore volumetric that the speed increases [[]] (that Km to the hour) and, above all, the [knows them to 120[acceleration]] (0-100 in less than 30 second ones).

L' Augusta of lusso

From the spring of 1934 (to the Hall of Milan of you open them) the Nozzle makes available, beyond to the normal sedan (than all adding a version turns out “sobria much”) “lusso” that it is distinguished more for a tapestry of elevated quality (in pelle at call), for the baffle plates to the windows, for a line of belt in relief by means of molura and for the wheels to standard radii Rudge-Whitworth to blocking centers them. At call, it is possible to obtain the bicolored paint job.

In 1935 however the Augusta sedan comes offered in a single model, unified, much similar to the previous Lusso type (but without the baffle plates and with the Fergat wheels to disc or to beams, bolted)

La Belna

From 1934 to the 1937, with the denomination “ Belna ”, the model Augusta comes constructed also in France, in the Bonneuil-sur-Marl plants [[]] (not distant from Paris) made to build up on a land of approximately 50.000 meters squared from Lancia Automobiles, the founded society 1° October 1931 with the scope to construct in French territory the cars of the Turinese house more confacenti with the market of oltralpe. The Belna, that it comes identified like F31 model (sedan) and F34 (chassis and cabriolet), practically defers least from the Italian Augusta (only the bumpers, the range of colors and the instrumentation, than in France is of the Jaeger). The Belna produced in the four years will be approximately 3.000, of which 2,500 in the version sedan and 500 chassises. Some of these will come acquire to you from Pourtout carriage maker and equip to you of the rigid roof to passing, devised from Georges Paulin; system that will anticipate the modern conception of automobile coupé-cabrio.

Nuvolari and Varzi

Between those who they appreciate the Augusta, acquiring it and using it, they go cited three famous champions of flying: Tazio Nuvolari, Achille Varzi and Luigi Fagioli. Without a doubt draft of an esteem certificate is not given little.

Prove on strada

According to the surveys it carries out to you from a tester of the review The Autocar (and publishes to you in it you open them of 1934) the Augusta sedan (than coast in 390 Great Britain Sterline) subordinate to test, it has caught up 65,22 the maximum speed of miglia hour (therefore Kmh 104,96) and has marked a time of 22” 3/5 in order to accelerate from detention to 50 miles to hour (80,5 Kmh). Such performances have been confermatem from test carry out to you more than 50 years after. The Augusta can itself therefore reasonably be asserted that sedan, new, popteva to catch up i 105 km. hour, to obtain, on the kilometer from detention, one medium of approximately 75 km. to the hour (time around the 48 ", for car with the single guide), and to employ less than 23 " in order to accelerate from detention to 80 to the hour. As far as the refrained one, the space of arrest, marching to 80 km. to the hour, had to be of the order of the 40 meters. We return to the ' 34: The Autocar carries out a test on the version cabriolet with compressor realized from the concessionary Nozzle to London, the Kevill-Davies & March. This interesting shining cabriolet (sold to London to 487 Pounds) has caught up the maximum speed of approximately 120 hour kilometers and has marked these times of acceleration: 15” 1/5 from 0 to 50 miles (80,5 Kmh) and 25” clean ones from 0 to 60 miles hour (96,6 Kmh).

La wheel libera

The operation is the same one that is had in the biciclette: as in these it can be stopped of pedalare and the continuous vehicle its race without more some relationship with the pedal, in the same way in the Augusta, removing the foot from the accelerator, the motor turns lessened and the car proceeds for inertia like if it had cambio in crowds. Naturally, an appropriate commando exists who concurs of disinserire this device when the conditions of the road (an example for all: in reduction) or of the traffic, they render more profit (and advisable) to be able to decide of the so-called effect of brake-motor.

L' Augusta and the corse

Even if of shining character, the Augusta sure is not conceived for the race. However, its palmares is not despicable.

The first affirmation of the Augusta is recorded in the late spring of 1934, to massacring the automotive Turn of Italy (defined also, in homage to the fascist government, Goblet of Of the lictor Gold of) the svoltosi ones to horse between the May months and june, where but the Turinese car, in its category, does not have practically avails again: the Victoria of class goes however to the crew Gugliemo Goddess Caruso, that they cover the 5,687 Km of the three stages in 73 hours 44' 22” to the average of Kmh 77,122

The performance of greater relief is had instead to Targa Florio carried out 20 December 1936, in an edition of the race that comes classified to the normal cars from tourism. In contest they are 11 cars, 4 Fiat of the recent model to six cylinders of 1500 cmc (exited in the 1935), 1 old one Fiat 514, 1 Bianchi S9 from 1 liter and means of piston displacement, and 5 Lancia Augusta. Of the 11 left cars, 2 (Fiat 1500) do not succeed to carry to term the 2 turns of the circuit (144 km. in all), while Lancia classifies it of the 9 4 very survivors sees Augusta, than also have one rolled inferior (1,2 liters against 1,5), to prevail on Fiat and to occupy the first 4 places. The best one, the one which adjudicates the contest lead from Costantino Magistri, obtains beautiful the average hour of km. 67,087, one speed does not give little, seen the conditions of the street bottom and the tortuosità of the tracing Sicily not of the Madonie.

To the Thousand Miles of it you open them 1937 but Fiat takes the rivincita one and, thanks also to a clean numerical superiority (20 Fiat to the way, against 5 Nozzle), gains the class from 1101 to 1500 cmc, where three Fiat 1500 are classified to the first three places, continuations from the Augusta sedan of the crew formed from Enrico Nardi and the baron Vittorio Mazzonis di Pralafera.

Also in the first years of the post-war period, some Augusta appeared in races.

1946

Given	to Naz.	Name of the race	Turned out Type contest	of class	Posiz. absolute	Pilot or crew	Covered (Km)	obtained Time	Medium (Kmh)	Notes
3-mar		the Atrani-Ravello	gone up	N.D.	11°ass.	Gambardella	6,200	6' 38” 2/10	56,052	---
13-ott		Ship-Hill	salita S.Eusebio	4° Class 1101-1500 Turismo	Amiable N.D.	Bordogna	9,500	N.D.	N.D.	Corsa social AC Brescia; classified race to the cars Tourism
5-nov		gone up the Scandone Goblet		6° cat. Tourism	20° ass.	BarbatoA.	5,400	5' 07” 1/5	63.281	---

1947

Given	to Naz.	Name of the race	Turned out Type contest	of class	Posiz. absolute	Pilot or crew	Covered (Km)	obtained Time	Medium (Kmh)	Notes
31-ago		the Fasano-Forest of Fasano	gone up	8° Class 1101-1500 Tourism	N.D.	Cafiero Ferdinand	7,500	7' 33” 4/5	59,497	---

1949

Given	to Naz.	Name of the race	Turned out Type contest	of class	Posiz. absolute	Pilot or crew	Covered (Km)	obtained Time	Medium (Kmh)	Notes
18-set		gone up Bologna-Raticosa		---	N.D.	Vivaldi	32,800	31' 59” 3/5	61,512	Run for Flying of Silver, classified to the cars the Tourism; Vivaldi classifies itself to according to place, behind the specially built Aprilia of Gloomy, in the “mixed group”, preceding one Fiat 508 (Balilla)
30-ott	the	Gone up of Sant' gone up Eusebio		---	Run N.D.	Tuelli	3,650	4' 43” 4/5	46,300	social of the A.C of Genoa; Tuelli is 2° of the “mixed group” to the shoulders of one Fiat 508

Le various versioni

Sedan (mod. 231)

• • Period of production : from you open it them of 1933 to the end of the 1936
    
  • Models :
    • type 231, sedan 4 porte
      
  • Motor : type 88
    
  • Progressive Numeration : from 1 to 14.108
    
  • Numeration of the chassis : from 31-1001 to 31-15108
    
  • Produced Units : 14.107
    

Characteristic Lancia techniques Augusta sedan (mod. 231)
Motor	Tipo “88” front, longitudinal, monoblock; head (brought back) smontabile in special cast iron; base in aluminum; crankshaft on 3 supports; obtained combustion chamber, partially, from one practiced cuneiform cavity over the pistons; fixed motor to the structure by means of two average crossbows, rubber shocks-absorber and blocks (a third party point of attachment, on the change, is with silentlbloc)
Numero and position cilindri	4 to V (18° 15')
Rolled	cmc 1195,58 (bore milimeter 69,85 - run milimeter 78,00)
Distribuzione	valvole in head, vertical, commant from bilanceri; a camshaft in head commant from silent chain to seams, with device tension automatic rifle
Rapporto of compressione	5,45:1
Potenza max	35 HP to 4.000giri/minuto
Lubrificazione	forzata, with pump to gears and “self-cleaning” filter (Car); ability goblet Kg 3,5
Raffreddamento	ad water, to circulation forced with pump centrifuge; fin device on the radiator, commant automatically from termostato; a thermometer place on the dashboard allows to know the temperature caught up from the water. ; ability circuit (radiating and motor) liters 7,6 (liters 9,3 solos for the first 50 Augusta, from the 231-0001 to 231-0050)
Accensione	a spinterogeno (fixed advance payment 8°, advance payment automatic rifle 30°); ignition order: 1-3-4-2; candles Bosch type W 185/33 or W 155/31
Alimentazione	to fall from the tank; horizontal carburetor Zenith 30 VEH to monobody, with starter device
Impianto elettrico	a 6 Volt (Bosch), battery from 60Ah, dynamo to constant tension
Trasmissione	trazione on the posterior wheels; only, tubular drive shaft, supplied of flexible joints to disc to the extremities; device of “inseribile and disinseribile free wheel” through commando on the dashboard
Frizione	monodisco to dry; race to empty of the pedal from 15 to 20 milimeter
Cambio	cambio in block with the motor, to 4 relationships + retromarcia; III and IV in taken direct, silent; commando to long lever centers them; relationships: I=; 3,175; II=; 2,030; III=1,482; IV=1: 1; RM=4,64: 1
Rapporto to the ponte	rapporto final of reduction, with brace to set of teeth Gleason Hyfald: 9/43 (4,778: 1)
Scocca	structure constituted from steel platform (reinforced by means of a cruise to “X)” with box-shielded lateral, to which it comes knit the auto body.
Sospensioni ant.	to independent wheels of the type to telescope (arranges Nozzle) with shocks-absorber (in the first 3,000 exemplary the shocks-absorber is of the type to clutch to dry, after which they come mounts hydraulic shocks-absorber to you)
Sospensioni post.	ad rigid axle, with semielliptic longitudinal crossbows (front extremities crossbows mounted on “Silentbloc”, posterior extremity mounted on biscottini with bearings to seams; shocks-absorber: some sources give them like mechanics to calipers, others say instead hydraulic engineers
Impianto frenante	hydraulic brakes “Lockheed” to pedal agents on the 4 wheels, with ganasce to expansion and tamburi (supplies of fins) in aluminum with wraps in cast iron; brake by hand agent on the tamburi of the posterior wheels;
Sterzo	a screw without aim and helicoidal wheel; guide to right; bars of connection mounted with articulations silentbloc; diameter of sudden turn mt 10,40; steering many directed (two turns and means of flying in order to carry itself from all to right to all on the left)
Ruote	first 3000 cars: with bolt implantation; after the first 3000 cars: to razze Fergat (at call to standard radii Rudge-Whitworth); version “Lusso”: to standard radii Rudge-Whitworth to blocking they centers.
Pneumatici	misure 140 x 40, to lowest pressure; pressures inflation Kg/cm2 1,40 front and posteriorly
Passo	cm 265,0
Altezza from terra	cm 17,0
Carreggiate anter-poster	anteriormente and posteriorly cm 122,3 (cm 123,6 in the Lusso version)
Lunghezza x width x altezza	car (sedan) cm 381,4 x cm 145,0 x cm 154,0
Carrozzeria	sedan 4 doors, 4 places
Peso to vuoto	sedan Kg 830 approximately
Serbatoio carburante	ability liters 42,0
102 Speeds massima	circa Kmh; the maximum speeds (Kmh) in the several ones marce: : I=35, II=55, III=75
Pendenza superabile	in first march, fully loaded: 21%
Consumo	medio, approximately 10 100 liters every Km
Tassa of fiscal circolazione	potenza in Italy CV 14; I brand of circulation (in 1936) annual Liras 450
Prezzo in Italia	in 1933, to the debut, the sedan costs 19,500 Liras; in it you open them 1934, the normal sedan (“base”) has invariato price (19,500) but it comes placed side by side from the sedan version “Lusso” (Liras 22,750); in 1936, “the unified” sedan costs instead, with the wheels to razze, 21,500 Liras (optionals: wheels Rudge-Whitworth Liras 450; sixth additional wheel Liras 75 if to razze or Liras 117 if Rudge type)

Chassis and cabriolet (mod. 234)

• • Period of production : from you open it them of 1934 to the end of the 1936
    
  • Models :
    • type 234, autotelaio
      
    • type 234, cabriolet 2 porte
      
  • Motor : type 88
    
  • Progressive Numeration : from 1 to 3110
    
  • Numeration of the chassis : from 34-1001 to 34-4110
    
  • Produced Units : 3110
    

Characteristic Lancia techniques Augusta chassis and cabriolet (mod. 234)
Motor	Tipo “88” front, longitudinal, monoblock; head (brought back) smontabile in special cast iron; base in aluminum; crankshaft on 3 supports; obtained combustion chamber, partially, from one practiced cuneiform cavity over the pistons; fixed motor to the structure by means of two average crossbows, rubber shocks-absorber and blocks (a third party point of attachment, on the change, is with silentlbloc)
Numero and position cilindri	4 to V (18° 15')
Rolled	cmc 1195,58 (bore milimeter 69,85 - run milimeter 78,00)
Distribuzione	valvole in head, vertical, commant from bilanceri; a camshaft in head commant from silent chain to seams, with device tension automatic rifle
Rapporto of compressione	5,45:1
Potenza max	35 HP to 4.000giri/minuto
Lubrificazione	forzata, with pump to gears and “self-cleaning” filter (Car); ability goblet Kg 3,5
Raffreddamento	ad water, to circulation forced with pump centrifuge; fin device on the radiator, commant automatically from termostato; a thermometer place on the dashboard allows to know the temperature caught up from the water. ; ability circuit (radiating and motor) liters 7,6
Accensione	a spinterogeno (fixed advance payment 8°, advance payment automatic rifle 30°); ignition order: 1-3-4-2; candles Bosch type W 185/33 or W 155/31
Alimentazione	horizontal carburetor Zenith 30 VEH to monobody, with starter device; pump electrical worker type “Autopulse”
Impianto elettrico	a 6 Volt (Bosch), battery from 60Ah, dynamo to constant tension
Trasmissione	trazione on the posterior wheels; only, tubular drive shaft, supplied of flexible joints to disc to the extremities; device of “inseribile and disinseribile free wheel” through commando on the dashboard
Frizione	monodisco to dry; race to empty of the pedal from 15 to 20 milimeter
Cambio	cambio in block with the motor, to 4 relationships + retromarcia; III and IV in taken direct, silent; commando to long lever centers them; relationships: I=; 3,175; II=; 2,030; III=1,482; IV=1: 1; RM=4,64: 1
Rapporto to the ponte	rapporto final of reduction, with brace to set of teeth Gleason Hyfald: 9/43 (4,778: 1)
Scocca	chassis realized with having spars section to scato it, light, a lot lowered and fortified of pavement and tunnel for the transmission
Sospensioni ant.	to independent wheels of the type to telescope (arranges Nozzle) with hydraulic shocks-absorber
Sospensioni post.	ad rigid axle, with semielliptic longitudinal crossbows (front extremities crossbows mounted on “Silentbloc”, posterior extremity mounted on biscottini with bearings to seams; shocks-absorber: some sources give them like mechanics to calipers, others say instead hydraulic engineers
Impianto frenante	hydraulic brakes “Lockheed” to pedal agents on the 4 wheels, with ganasce to expansion and tamburi (supplies of fins) in aluminum with wraps in cast iron; brake by hand agent on the tamburi of the posterior wheels;
Sterzo	a screw without aim and helicoidal wheel; guide to right; bars of connection mounted with articulations silentbloc; diameter of sudden turn mt 10,40; steering many directed (two turns and means of flying in order to carry itself from all to right to all on the left)
Ruote	standard radii Rudge-Whitworth
Pneumatici	misure 140 x 40, to lowest pressure; pressures inflation Kg/cm2 1,40 front and posteriorly
Passo	cm 265,0
Altezza from terra	cm 17,0
Carreggiate anter-poster	anteriormente and posteriorly cm 123,6
Lunghezza x larghezza	chassis cm 384,6 x cm 145,0
Carrozzeria	chassis, or cabriolet 4 porte/4 places
Peso to vuoto	chassis Kg 570 approximately (with spare wheel)
Serbatoio carburante	ability liters 42,0, posizionato posteriorly
102 Speeds massima	circa Kmh; the maximum speeds (Kmh) in the several ones marce: : I=35, II=55, III=75
Pendenza superabile	in first march, fully loaded: 21%
Consumo	medio, approximately 10 100 liters every Km
Tassa of fiscal circolazione	potenza in Italy CV 14; I brand of circulation (in 1936) annual Liras 450
Prezzo in Italia	in it you open them 1934, to the debut, the chassis has a list price of 16.250 Liras, while Cabriolet 4 you mail is offered to 24.250 Lire in the' 36, the chassis costs 16,330 Liras, 21,500 Sedan and Cabriolet 24.500

Dati produttivi

YEAR
Year	Produced
1933	2.950
1934	5.422
1935	6.101
1936	2.744
Total	17,217

MODEL
Model	Produced
231, sedan (1933/36)	14.107
234, chassis and cabriolet (1934/36)	3.110
Total	17,217

Notes:
1. second some sources the total of produced Augusta sedan would be of 14.108 units rather than 14,107, and the general total Augusta would be of 17.218 rather than 17.217; some damage moreover a production for year 1936 of 2.738 units, supporting that 6 cars have been constructed two years after, in the 1938
2. the table of which over it does not include the cars constructed in France under the name of “Belna”, the whose total é of approximately 3.000 units (of which 2,500 sedans and 500 chassises) in four-year term 1934/1938.